Appreciative Inquiry
Reviewed and Updated: December 2007
Appreciative Inquiry was first articulated by David Cooperrider and Suresh Srivastva in 1986. A landmark study by Cooperrider interviewed half of an organisation looking for problems and the other half looking for success. Data were dramatically different and, when reported back, the client did not believe that the data came from the same organisation.
Appreciative Inquiry is about the search for the best in people, their organisations, and the relevant world around them. In its broadest focus, it involves systematic discovery of what gives 'life' to a living system when it is most alive, most effective, and most constructively capable in economic, ecological, and human terms.
Appreciative Inquiry involves the art and practice of asking questions that strengthen a system’s capacity to apprehend, anticipate, and heighten positive potential. It assumes that every living system has many untapped and rich and inspiring accounts of the positive and instead of negation, criticism, and spiralling diagnosis, there is discovery, dream, and design.
Websites
Appreciative Inquiry Commons
A worldwide portal devoted to extensive sharing of academic resources and practical tools on Appreciative Inquiry and the rapidly growing discipline of positive change.
Appreciative Inquiry Practitioner
Anne Radford from the Appreciative Inquiry Practitioner publishes the first electronic newsletter dedicated specifically to Appreciative Inquiry work from around the world. Requires subscription but some good sample articles available.
Mellish and Associates
The website of a private management consultancy firm, this holds a range of information on appreciative inquiry, its benefits and its uses. Includes a host of references.
Positive Emotions and Psychophysiology Laboratory
Based on Barbara Frederickson’s Broaden-and-Build theory of positive emotions. The theory states that unlike negative emotions, which narrow an individual's momentary thought-action repertoire, positive emotions broaden the momentary thought-action repertoire, creating openness to new ideas and new courses of action.
The Change Project - Meg Wheatley interview - The Powerof Chaos
Margaret Wheatley writes about how to create resilient and adaptive organisations where people are seen as the blessing, not the problem. She has demonstrated how perspectives about chaos, networks, and relationships that come from the new sciences can be applied to human organisations. Such organisations become creative, self-organising living systems, rather than the more common highly controlled mechanistic systems that create robot-like behaviours.
Publications
BROWNE, B 2002, Cultivating Hope and Imagination, Vimukt Shiksha, Chicago.
A comprehensive review of Imagine Chicago, a notable Appreciative Inquiry visioning project that aimed to develop learning communities.
COOPERRIDER, D & Whitney, D 2002, Appreciative Inquiry: The Handbook, Lakeshore Publishers, Ohio.
A handbook which combines theory with practice, aimed at consultants, trainers, and leaders of organisational change. The handbook aims to help trainers understand the foundations of Appreciative Inquiry; appreciate the wide range of applications for Appreciative Inquiry; and facilitate the teaching/coaching of others in introducing Appreciative Inquiry.
GOLDBERG, R 2001, Implementing a professional development system through appreciative inquiry, Leadership and Organisation Development Journal 22(2), 56-61.
This article provides case study evidence that Appreciative Inquiry has broader practical application than most people perceive by describing how the philosophy and methodology of Appreciative Inquiry has been utilized to establish and implement a strategy to accelerate the professional development of the sales force of a large, mature consumer products firm.
HAMMOND, S 1998, The Thin Book of Appreciative Inquiry, Thin Book Publishing Co, Texas.
A great introduction to the philosophy of Appreciative Inquiry.
HENRY, R 2005, Discovering and Growing What Gives Life: Appreciative Inquiry in Community Colleges, Instructional Leadership Abstracts 3(1).
This article gives a brief overview of Appreciative Inquiry and provides an excellent example of how Appreciative Inquiry was utilised in a community college (TAFE in USA) setting.
MARTINETZ, C 2002, Appreciative Inquiry as an Organisational Development Tool, Performance Improvement Journal 41(8), 32-37.
Explains that Appreciative Inquiry uses traditional organisational development processes (team building, strategic planning, business process redesign, management audits) in a new way. It emphasizes collaboration and participation of all voices in an organisation and focuses on changing the organisation rather than the people.
MELLISH, L 1998, A case study at an Australian university, IN Hammond, S & Royal C (eds) Lessons from the Field: Applying Appreciative Inquiry, Practical Press, Texas, Chapter 4.
This is a practical account of Appreciative Inquiry applied to strategic planning to facilitate a large scale amalgamation in a university context. The 4D model framed three workshops in which the majority of people affected by the change participated. The process was inclusive, consultative, generative and energising. The outcome was a blueprint for a new Faculty which was endorsed by the Vice Chancellor and an agreed transition plan which has widespread academic, staff and union support. The Appreciative Inquiry process provided unique opportunities to manage transitions in strategy, structure and culture simultaneously.
OJHA, G, Paudel, D, Pudasaini, A, Lamichane, H & Shrestha, A 2003, Appreciative Inquiry and students’ achievements, Capital College and Research Center, Kathmandu
Capital College and Research Center (CCRC) has students from grade 11 through to Bachelor degrees and has been using Appreciative Inquiry since May 2002. The CCRC Board members, managerial staff, teachers and students have learned Appreciative Inquiry through a series of workshops conducted from May 2002 to August 2003. 29 students who had performed with academic excellence were asked 'what are the root causes of your success?' and they reported three important factors: good teachers, their own hard work and their participation in the Appreciative Inquiry process.
STETSON, N & Miller, C 2004, Appreciative Inquiry in the Community College: Early Stories of Success, League for Innovation in the Community College, Arizona.
Appreciative Inquiry is a strengths-based and collaborative approach to facilitating change in human systems - organisations, groups, and communities - that can be rapid, sustainable, and transformative. It focuses a school or college community on continuously inquiring into what is already working very well within the system under study and deliberately and systematically creating more of it. The human or social system under study can be the school or college as a whole, the leadership or management team, a particular department, or even a classroom. In a brief timeframe, hundreds of community colleges and other groups have produced revolutionary changes on their campuses.
YBALLE, L & O'Connor, D 2000, Appreciative Pedagogy: Constructing Positive Models for Learning, Journal of Management Education 24(4), 474-483.
This paper describes Appreciative Pedagogy in the management classroom. Appreciative Pedagogy rests on the values of Appreciative Inquiry, an organisational development framework. At its core, Appreciative Pedagogy focuses on peak performances and successful experiences of students and professors. It believes that inquiring into these kinds of experiences allows both students and professors to create positive images that energize and generate positive action. In applying this approach, students exhibit heightened energy in the classroom and an increased sense of relevance of content to personal and professional life.
Articles
Maret Staron, Appreciative Inquiry: Seeing our organisations as living systems May 07 eZine, ICVET
Strength based approaches such as Appreciative Inquiry are having some amazing results in organisations. So I wanted to find out more. I enrolled in a six week online course with the founder of Appreciative Inquiry, David Cooperrider from Case Western Reserve University, USA. I’d like to share with you what I have learnt and how this has influenced my practice.